Nicotinamide activates latent HIV-1 ex vivo in ART suppressed individuals, revealing higher potency than the association of two methyltransferase inhibitors, chaetocin and BIX01294

ABSTRACT Background: Latent HIV-1 is a major hurdle in obtaining HIV-1 sustained virological remission (SVR). Here we explored histone deacetylation inhibition property of nicotinamide (NAM; n = 17) for the first time in comparison to a combination of methyltransferase inhibitors (MTIs; Chaetocin and BIX01294; n = 25) to reactivate latent HIV ex vivo in CD8-depleted PBMCs from antiretroviral treated aviremic individuals. Results: NAM reactivated HIV-1 from 13/17 (76.4%) samples compared to 20/25 (80.0%) using MTIs with mean viral load (VLs) of 4.32 and 3.22 log10 RNA copies/mL, respectively (p = 0.004). Mean purging time after NAM and MTIs stimulation was 5.1 and 6.75 days, respectively (p = 0.73). Viral purging in autologous cultures exhibited blunted HIV recovery with fluctuating VLs followed by a complete viral extinction when expanded in allogenic system. Electron microscopy from five supernatants revealed anomalous viral particles, with lack of complete viral genomes when characterized by ultradeep sequencing through metagenomics approach (n = 4). Conclusion: NAM alone was more potent HIV-1 activator than combination of MTIs, with potential of clinical use.

Modulatory effect of baicalein on gene expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic rats

Oxidative stress plays the central role in the pathogenesis and progression of diabetic complications. The present study aims to investigate the beneficial effect of oral administration of flavone baicalein in streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA) induced diabetic rats by measuring oxidative stress markers, antioxidant enzyme activities and expression analysis of antioxidant genes. Experimental diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of STZ (55 mg /kg b.wt), 15 min after the i.p. administration of NA. At the end of the experimental period, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), activities of antioxidant enzymes and expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured in diabetic rats along with serum biochemical parameters namely total cholesterol (TC), total triglyceride (TG), aspartate transaminase (AST) alanine transaminase (ALT) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Oral administration of baicalein (40 mg/kg b.wt/day) demonstrated a significant ameliorative effect on all studied biochemical and oxidative stress parameters. Biochemical findings were corroborated by qPCR expression analysis which showed significant upregulation of antioxidant genes in diabetic rats. These results suggest that baicalein supplementation may reduce diabetes and its complications by suppressing oxidative stress and enhancing gene expression and antioxidant enzyme activities in diabetic rats.

Evaluation of nicotinamide as an anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic agent in uveal melanoma cell lines / Avaliação da nicotinamida como agente anti-inflamatório e anti-angiogênico em linhas celulares de melanoma uveal

ABSTRACT Purpose: To investigate the effect of nicotinamide on the secretion of pro-an giogenic and pro-inflammatory cytokines in uveal melanoma cell lines. Methods: Two human uveal melanoma cell lines (92.1 and OCM-1) were treated with nicotinamide (10 mmol/L) or control media for 48 hours in culture. The su perna tant from each culture was used in sandwich enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay-based angiogenesis and inflammation arrays to evaluate the effects of exogenously administered nicotinamide on the secretion of a total of 20 pro-an gio genic and pro-inflammatory proteins. Results: Seven pro-angiogenic cytokines were detected under control conditions for both uveal melanoma cell lines. Treatment with nicotinamide resulted in a significant decrease in secretion of the following pro-angiogenic cytokines: angiogenin, angiopoietin-2, epidermal growth factor, and vascular epithelial growth factor-A in the 92.1 cells; basic fibroblast growth factor in the OCM-1 cells; and placenta growth factor in both cell lines. Among the pro-inflammatory proteins, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and interleukin-8 were expressed in both untreated cell lines and both were significantly reduced when treated with nicotinamide. Conclusions: Results from this in vitro model suggest that nicotinamide may have anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic properties, which may open the possibility of using it as a chemopreventive agent for uveal melanoma; however, further studies including animal models are warranted.

RESUMO Objetivo: Acredita-se que a nicotinamida (NIC) seja capaz de diminuir a angiogênese induzida pelo fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF). Investigar os efeitos da nicotinamida sobre a secreção de citocinas pró-angiogênicas e pró-inflamatórias em linhagens de células de melanoma uveal humano (UM). Métodos: Duas linhagens de células humanas de UM (92,1 e OCM-1) foram tratadas com NIC (10 mmol/L) ou apenas com meio de cultura por 48 horas. O sobrenadante das culturas obtido após a administração de nicotinamida foi comparado com o sobrenadante das culturas controle quanto à expressão de 20 fatores pró-angiogênicos e pró-inflamatórios, pela técnica de enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Resultados: Sete citocinas pró-angiogênicas foram detectadas nas condições de controle em ambas as linhagens de células de UM. O tratamento com nicotinamida promoveu uma redução significativa da secreção das seguintes citocinas angiogênicas: Angiogenina, ANG2, EGF e VEGF-A em células 92.1; bFGF em células OCM-1; PIGF em ambas as linhagens celulares. Quanto às proteínas pró-inflamatórias, a expressão de MCP-1 e IL-8 foi significativamente reduzida com a administração de nicotinamida em relação às culturas de células que não receberam o tratamento. Conclusões: Nicotinamida apresenta propriedades anti-inflamatórias e anti-angiogênicas em modelo experimental in vitro. Tais efeitos sugerem a possibilidade de utilizar esta substância na quimioprevenção do UM. Entretanto, estudos com modelos experimentais in vivo são necessários para melhor avaliar o benefício do tratamento do UM com nicotinamida.

A spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor attenuates the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells

BACKGROUND: Pathologic vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and migration after vascular injury promotes the development of occlusive vascular disease. Therefore, an effective chemical agent to suppress aberrant proliferation and migration of VSMCs can be a potential therapeutic modality for occlusive vascular disease such as atherosclerosis and restenosis. To find an anti-proliferative chemical agent for VSMCs, we screened an in-house small molecule library, and the selected small molecule was further validated for its anti-proliferative effect on VSMCs using multiple approaches, such as cell proliferation assays, wound healing assays, transwell migration assays, and ex vivo aortic ring assay. RESULTS: Among 43 initially screened small molecule inhibitors of kinases that have no known anti-proliferative effect on VSMCs, a spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) inhibitor (BAY61-3606) showed significant anti-proliferative effect on VSMCs. Further experiments indicated that BAY61 attenuated the VSMC proliferation in both concentration- and time-dependent manner, and it also significantly suppressed the migration of VSMCs as assessed by both wound healing assays and transwell assays. Additionally, BAY61 suppressed the sprouting of VSMCs from endothelium-removed aortic rings. CONCLUSION: The present study identified a Syk kinase inhibitor as a potent VSMC proliferation and migration inhibitor and warrants further studies to elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms, such as its primary target, and to validate its in vivo efficacy as a therapeutic agent for restenosis and atherosclerosis.

Interleukin-27 augments the inhibitory effects of sorafenib on bladder cancer cells

Both sorafenib and interleukin-27 (IL-27) are antineoplastic drugs. This study aimed to investigate the synergistic effect of these two drugs on bladder cancer cells. HTB-9 and T24 cells were stimulated with IL-27 (50 ng/mL), sorafenib (2 μM) or the synergistic action of these two drugs. The cells without treatment acted as control. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and invasion were measured by bromodeoxyuridine assay, flow cytometry and modified Boyden chamber, respectively. Simultaneously, both modified Boyden chamber and scratch assay were used to assess cell migration. Finally, the phosphorylation levels of key kinases in the Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR)/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, and expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9 were detected by western blot analysis. Stimulation with IL-27 or sorafenib repressed proliferation, migration and invasion but promoted apoptosis, and the effects were all enhanced by the combination of these two drugs in HTB-9 cells. The effect of the combined treatment on bladder cancer cells was verified in T24 cells. Additionally, the phosphorylation levels of AKT, mTOR and MAPK as well as the expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were all decreased by a single treatment of IL-27 or sorafenib, and further decreased by the combined treatment of these two drugs. The combination of IL-27 and sorafenib inhibited proliferation, migration and invasion and promoted apoptosis of bladder cancer cells compared with mono-drug treatment. Additionally, the AKT/mTOR/MAPK pathway might be implicated in the functional effects by down-regulations of MMP-2 and MMP-9.

Are there gender differences in left ventricular remodeling after myocardial infarction in rats? / Há diferenças entre os gêneros no remodelamento ventricular esquerdo após infarto do miocárdio em ratos?

Objective: An unclear issue is whether gender may influence at cardiac remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI). We evaluated left ventricle remodeling in female and male rats post-MI. Methods: Rats were submitted to anterior descending coronary occlusion. Echocardiographic evaluations were performed on the first and sixth week post-occlusion to determine myocardial infarction size and left ventricle systolic function (FAC, fractional area change). Pulsed Doppler was applied to analyze left ventricle diastolic function using the following parameters: E wave, A wave, E/A ratio. Two-way ANOVA was applied for comparisons, complemented by the Bonferroni test. A P≤=0.05 was considered significant. Results: There were no significant differences between genders for morphometric parameters on first (MI [Female (FE): 44.0±5.0 vs. Male (MA): 42.0±3.0%]; diastolic [FE: 0.04±0.003 vs. MA: 0.037±0.005, mm/g] and systolic [FE: 0.03±0.0004 vs. MA: 0.028±0.005, mm/g] diameters of left ventricle) and sixth (MI [FE: 44.0±5.0 vs. MA: 42.0±3.0, %]; diastolic [FE: 0.043±0.01 vs. MA: 0.034±0.005, mm/g] and systolic [FE: 0.035±0.01 vs. MA: 0.027±0.005, mm/g] of LV) week. Similar findings were reported for left ventricle functional parameters on first (FAC [FE: 34.0±6.0 vs. MA: 32.0±4.0, %]; wave E [FE: 70.0±18.0 vs. MA: 73.0±14.0, cm/s]; wave A [FE: 20.0±12.0 vs. MA: 28.0±13.0, cm/s]; E/A [FE: 4.9±3.4 vs. MA: 3.3±1.8]) and sixth (FAC [FE: 29.0±7.0 vs. MA: 31.0±7.0, %]; wave E [FE: 85.0±18.0 vs. MA: 87.0±20.0, cm/s]; wave A [FE: 20.0±11.0 vs. MA: 28.0±17.0, cm/s]; E/A [FE: 6.2±4.0 vs. MA: 4.6±3.4]) week. Conclusion: Gender does not influence left ventricle remodeling post-MI in rats. .

Objetivo: A influência do gênero no remodelamento cardíaco após o infarto do miocárdio é uma questão em intenso debate. Nós avaliamos o remodelamento ventricular esquerdo em ratos infartados de ambos os gêneros. Métodos: O infarto do miocárdio foi induzido por oclusão da artéria coronária descendente anterior (fêmeas [FM]; machos [MC]). A ecocardiografia foi realizada na primeira e sexta semana pós-oclusão para determinar o tamanho do infarto do miocárdio e a função sistólica do ventricular esquerdo (mudança na área fracional [FAC]). A função diastólica derivou dos seguintes parâmetros: onda E; onda A; razão E/A. ANOVA duas vias com pós-teste de Bonferroni foi aplicado nas comparações (P≤=0,05). Resultados: Todas variáveis morfométricas foram similares (P>0,05) entre os gêneros com uma (infarto do miocárdio [FM: 44,0±5,0 vs. MC: 42,0±3,0, %]; diâmetro diastólico [FM: 0,04±0,003 vs. MC: 0,037±0,005, mm/g] e sistólico [FM: 0,03±0,0004 vs. MC: 0,028±0,005, mm/g] do VE) e seis (IM [FM: 44,0±5,0 vs. MC: 42,0±3,0, %]; diâmetro diastólico [FM: 0,043±0,01 vs. MC: 0,034±0,005, mm/g] e sistólico [FM: 0,035±0,01 vs. MC: 0,027±0,005, mm/g] do ventricular esquerdo) semanas. Achado similar ocorreu para os dados funcionais com uma (FAC [FM: 34,0±6,0 vs. MC: 32,0±4,0, %]; onda E [FM: 70,0±18,0 vs. MC: 73,0±14,0, cm/s]; onda A [FM: 20,0±12,0 vs. MC: 28,0±13,0, cm/s]; E/A [FM: 4,9±3,4 vs. MC: 3,3±1,8]) e seis (FAC [FM: 29,0±7,0 vs. MC: 31,0±7,0, %]; onda E [FM: 85,0±18,0 vs. MC: 87,0±20,0, cm/s]; onda A [FM: 20,0±11,0 vs. MC: 28,0±17,0 cm/s]; E/A [FM: 6,2±4,0 vs. MC: 4,6±3,4]) semanas. Conclusão: O gênero não é determinante para o remodelamento ventricular esquerdo pós-infarto do miocárdio em ratos. .

Resultados a 10 años en trasplantes renales con donantes vivos no relacionados: Experiencia de 22 años / Survival among renal allograft recipients from non related living donors

Background: There is a gap between the number of patients requiring a renal allograft and the number of potential deceased donors (DD). One alternative is using allografts from non-related living donors (NRLD). Aim: To compare survival and complications of renal allograft recipients from DD, related living donors (RLD) and NRLD. Material and Methods: Observational study of a cohort of renal allograft recipients. Of 253 transplants performed in a Chilean region between 1981 and 2003, 20 patients received and allograft from a NRLD. Graft and patient survival of these patients were compared with those of 93 patients receiving an allograft from a related living donor and 140 receiving it from a DD. Patients were followed for 10 years or until death or dialysis requirement. Results: No significant differences between groups in graft and patient survival, deaths with a functioning graft or return to dialysis were observed. Receptors of DD had more hospital admissions during the first years after receiving the graft, usually due to infections. Also a delayed graft function was more common among them. Glomerular filtration rate ten years after the graft was similar among the three groups. Conclusions: No differences in graft or patient survival was observed between patients receiving a renal allograft from NRLD, RLD or DD.

A influência do complexo B e do laser de baixa intensidade no processo de cicatrização de feridas odontológicas / The influence of B complex and low intensity laser in the healing process of dental wounds

Esforços têm sido concentrados na busca de um fármaco que tenha eficácia clínica no processo de cicatrização de feridas odontológicas. O complexo B pode ser importante no processo de cicatrização e reparação porque é constituído por nutrientes necessários às funções fisiológicas normais ou às reações metabólicas específicas. Além disso, a terapia com laser de baixa intensidade modula vários processos biológicos em modelos animais e em humanos, estimulando a síntese de colágeno, promovendo o processo de regeneração do músculo esquelético após injúria, diminuindo a resposta inflamatória, elevando a neoformação de vasos sanguíneos e auxiliando no processo de cicatrização. Desta maneira, é relevante o estudo da influência do complexo B e do laser de baixa intensidade na tentativa de melhorar o processo de cicatrização de feridas odontológicas, aumentando a eficácia clínica. Essa revisão bibliográfica sugere que tanto o laser de baixa intensidade como o complexo B podem aumentar o processo de cicatrização em feridas e procedimentos odontológicos.

Currently, efforts have been concentrated in the search for a drug clinically efficient on healing dental wounds. The B complex may be important in wound healing process since it is composed of nutrients necessary for normal physiological functions or for specific metabolic reactions. The low intensity laser therapy modulates various biological processes in both animals and humans stimulating collagen synthesis, promoting the regeneration process of skeletal muscle injury after injury In addition it reduces the inflammatory response, increasing the formation of new blood vessels and aiding the healing process. Therefore it is important to study the influence of B complex and of low intensity laser aiming to improve the healing process of dental wounds, increasing clinical efficacy. This literature review suggests that both B complex and low intensity laser therapy can improve the healing process of dental wounds and dental procedures.

Differentiation of human labia minora dermis-derived fibroblasts into insulin-producing cells

Recent evidence has suggested that human skin fibroblasts may represent a novel source of therapeutic stem cells. In this study, we report a 3-stage method to induce the differentiation of skin fibroblasts into insulin-producing cells (IPCs). In stage 1, we establish the isolation, expansion and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells from human labia minora dermis-derived fibroblasts (hLMDFs) (stage 1: MSC expansion). hLMDFs express the typical mesenchymal stem cell marker proteins and can differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondrocytes or muscle cells. In stage 2, DMEM/F12 serum-free medium with ITS mix (insulin, transferrin, and selenite) is used to induce differentiation of hLMDFs into endoderm-like cells, as determined by the expression of the endoderm markers Sox17, Foxa2, and PDX1 (stage 2: mesenchymal-endoderm transition). In stage 3, cells in the mesenchymal-endoderm transition stage are treated with nicotinamide in order to further differentiate into self-assembled, 3-dimensional islet cell-like clusters that express multiple genes related to pancreatic beta-cell development and function (stage 3: IPC). We also found that the transplantation of IPCs can normalize blood glucose levels and rescue glucose homeostasis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. These results indicate that hLMDFs have the capacity to differentiate into functionally competent IPCs and represent a potential cell-based treatment for diabetes mellitus.

Transient downregulation of protein O-N-acetylglucosaminylation by treatment of high-dose nicotinamide in human cells

Nicotinamide at millimolar concentrations affects cell survival in various conditions, and is being utilized therapeutically in many human diseases. However, the effect of an acute treatment of nicotinamide at such high dose on gene expression and cellular metabolism has rarely been determined previously. In this study, we found that levels of O-N-acetylglucosamin(O- GlcNAc)ylated proteins including Sp1 acutely decreased upon treatment of 10 mM nicotinamide. Concomitantly, Sp1 protein level decreased rapidly through accelerated proteasome-mediated proteolysis. Cotreatment of glucosamine or 2-deoxyglucose, which inhibits protein deGlcNAcylation, effectively blocked the decrease induced by nicotinamide. Interestingly, the decline in the levels of Sp1 and protein O- GlcNAcylation was only transient lasting for two days post treatment, and this pattern matched closely the rapid fluctuation of the cellular [NAD(+)]. Our results suggest a possible link between cellular nicotinamide metabolism and protein O-GlcNAcylation, and an existence of cellular [NAD(+)] homeostasis.

Effects of hypervitaminosis of vitamin B3 on silkworm biology.

A high-dose of vitamin B(3) in silkworm diet interrupts larval feeding and normal growth. High mortality of larvae occurs during molting and they cannot complete this process normally. Also the larvae exhibit nicotinamide hypervitaminosis symptoms such as immobility, dyspepsia, darkening of the skin, inability to excrete normally, exerting brownish fluid from anus and swelling of rectal muscles. Maximum larval weights in 1, 2 and 3 g/l treatments were 2.9, 1.6 and 1.2 g respectively, while maximum larval weight in the control was 5.6 g. Larval stage compared to control had increased 18, 26 and 31 days respectively. The concentration increase of uric acid in haemolymph demonstrates the hyperuricemia, while other measured biochemical compounds show significant decrease; sodium and potassium did not change significantly.

In vitro and in vivo inhibition of telomerase activity from Chinese hamster V79 cells.

While studying the inhibition of telomerase activity in Chinese hamster V79 cells using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based telomeric repeat amplification protocol (TRAP) assay, we had earlier observed that 7-deaza deoxy guanosine triphosphate (7-deaza dGTP) and oligonucleotide (TTAGGG)4 inhibited telomerase activity in vitro. In the present study, we report inhibition of telomerase activity by modified base 7-deaza deoxy adenosine triphosphate (7-deaza dATP) and phosphorothioate TTAGGG (PS-TTAGGG). Both the compounds inhibited telomerase activity in a concentration dependent manner; 8.5 microM of 7-deaza dATP and 0.1 microM of PS-TTAGGG being the concentration for 50% of the maximum inhibition. This observation supports our earlier hypothesis that incorporation of a modified nucleotide into telomere possibly interferes with the recognition of the telomerase and TTAGGG interferes with the RNA component of telomerase. We have further shown that treatment of cells with nicotinamide (NA) and benzamide (BA), well known inhibitors of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, reduced telomerase activity. We speculate that modification of the telomeric binding proteins or other components by poly (ADP-ribosyl)ation may be involved in such inhibition.

Ionization potentials and electron affinities of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide calculated with HAM/3

Ionization potentials and electron affinities of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide were calculated by HAM/3. Observed photoelectron spectra of the molecules were analyzed with the aid of the calculated ionization potentials. Chemical reactivity of the molecules was discussed.